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Diagnostics of malfunctions of knots and car systems The owners of cars who are carrying out procedures of routine maintenance of a vehicle it agrees given in Head of Control and routine maintenance of the car of the real Management of the schedule will be extremely seldom compelled to address to materials of this Section. Reliability of knots and the components established on modern cars is so high that at timely performance of replacement of the materials of details worn out and failed as a result of aging the probability of their sudden refusal is smallest. Refusals seldom occur spontaneously and usually are a consequence a time of long development of defect. In particular, failure of mechanical components practically always is preceded by emergence and evolution of the characteristic symptoms which are showing sometimes for many thousand kilometers of run to the full. The same components which can fail unexpectedly, usually are not vital for functioning of the main knots and car systems, or are easily replaced in road conditions. A fundamental step at identification of the reasons of any refusal is the choice of a point of the beginning of searches. Often the reason appears lying on a surface, however in certain cases it is necessary to work, making small investigation. The motorist who has made half-dozens of casual checks, replacements and corrections quite has chance to find a cause of failure (or its symptom), however in any way it is impossible to call such approach reasonable, in view of its labor input and aimlessness of expenses of time and means. The quiet logic approach to search of the failed knot or a component appears much more effective. Surely it is necessary to take into consideration everything preceding breakage, sometimes insignificant, symptoms and guarding signals, such as loss of capacity developed by the engine, change of indications of measuring instruments, emergence of unusual sounds and smells, etc. Do not forget that failure of such components as safety locks or spark plugs can be only a symptom more deeply the hidden violation. Below rather simple scheme of diagnostics of most often meeting refusals is provided in this subsection. The reasons of violations and their symptoms are grouped in a sign of the relation to functioning of any concrete unit or system: "Engine", «Cooling system» etc. Regardless of the refusal nature in a basis of investigation of its reason identical base principles are always put:
Make sure of correctness of definition of symptoms of refusal. Told means confidence of delimitation of the area of searches that is especially important with the help in refusal diagnostics to other motorist who cannot adequately state symptoms of taking place violation.
Try not to look through obvious violations. For example, if the engine is not started, do not hesitate to check availability of fuel in a fuel tank (thus it is not necessary to take on trust statements of the owner of the faulty car). In default electric equipments first of all it is necessary to check a condition and reliability of fastening of terminal connections of electroconducting, after it it is meaningful to get diagnostic devices.
Try to eliminate a cause of failure, instead of its symptom. Replacement of the discharged battery new will help to make the engine start, however the taking place reason of a discharge of the old battery remains not eliminated that will lead to fast failure and new. Similarly, replacement of the spark plugs thrown by oil will allow to restore for some time serviceability of functioning of the engine, however refusal by all means will soon repeat (if the reason lay not simply in application of candles not that type).
Do not take on trust any statements! Remember that recently established "new" component also can appear faulty, in particular, if it long time lay in a luggage carrier – it is not necessary to exclude a component from the list checked only for the reason that it is new or is recently established. In case of neglect it is not necessary to be surprised with implementation of the made recommendation, when the cause of failure revealed, at last, will appear lying on a surface from the very beginning. Problem diagnostics and reasons of decrease in efficiency of return of the engine The engine is not turned in attempt of its start · The ignition switch is faulty.
· Polar plugs of the battery are oxidized, or weakened fastening of tips of wires on them.
· The battery is discharged or faulty.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of a charge is broken.
· It is torn off, or electroconducting of a chain of system of start is otherwise damaged, or weakened fastening of plugs of contact connections.
· The traction relay or the starter switch failed.
· The starter electromotor is faulty.
· A teeth of a driving gear wheel of a starter or a gear wreath of a flywheel are broken off or worn-out.
· The driving gear wheel of a starter is jammed in a gear wreath of a flywheel.
· The sensor switch of permission of start (model with AT) or the sensor switch of disconnection of a chain of a starter (model with RKPP) is faulty
· AT is not transferred to the situation "R" or "N".
· The engine is jammed (is jammed cranked or a camshaft, or there was a zalipaniye any of pistons on a wall of the cylinder), – try to turn it manually for a bolt of a pulley of a cranked shaft. The engine is turned, but not started Petrol models · Start is incorrectly made. Act as follows:
- Cock the parking brake;
- Include neutral transfer (RKPP) / transfer the selector lever to the situation "R" or "N" (AT);
- Without squeezing out a gas pedal, turn a key in the ignition lock to the right against the stop. As soon as the engine will be started, at once release a key. If start of the heated-up engine is not possible to make at a provorachivaniye it a starter more than 4 seconds, it is necessary to squeeze out a gas pedal slowly. Do not turn the engine more than 30 seconds in a row, before repeated attempt wait not less than 15 seconds;
- At unstable turns (for example, at ignition admissions) in order to avoid failure of the catalytic converter try to turn on the engine only for short time and do not allow strong loadings, immediately drive away the car on HUNDRED companies Toyotas;
- In areas where the temperature of external air often falls below - 20°С, installation of a heater of cooling liquid is recommended, the reference on this matter can be received on any HUNDRED Toyotas.
· The engine immobilizator is faulty or is not disconnected.
· The battery (the engine is turned too slowly) is discharged.
· The fuel tank is empty, or is filled with poor-quality fuel.
· Water got to fuel.
· Passableness of fuel lines is broken, the gasoline pump is faulty, or ventilating branch pipes of a fuel tank are blocked.
· The gas-distributing belt is torn off, or weakened effort of its tension.
· The safety lock of the electric fuel pump or electronic system of injection is faulty.
· The air filter is strongly polluted. Leakages of vacuum in elements of supply of air, malfunction in a control system of injection of fuel and ignition take place.
· Terminal connections of the battery are oxidized, or weakened their fastening.
· The fuel pump is faulty, or its relay is damaged, aurally check serviceability of activation of the pump at ignition inclusion.
· The injector (ы) is faulty.
· Components of system of ignition are damaged or excessively humidified.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or faulty, or the candle gap is incorrectly exposed.
· The ignition coil is faulty.
· Electroconducting of the coil of ignition is torn off or disconnected, or or weakened fastening of wires on coil plugs.
· Electroconducting of system of start is torn off or disconnected, or weakened fastening of wires on plugs.
· The control unit safety lock is damaged by the engine, is faulty any of sensors: A hall, the pulse sensor, the sensor of temperature of cooling liquid (ECT) or soaked-up air (IAT).
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between engine cylinders.
· Adjustment of gaps of valves is broken.
Diesel models · Start is incorrectly made. Act as follows:
- Cock the parking brake;
- Include neutral transfer (RKPP) / transfer the selector lever to the situation "R" or "N" (AT);
- Turn a key in the ignition lock in situation II, on an instrument guard the control lamp of preheat (see appropriate section the Instrument guard and signaling devices) should light up. Start of the engine should be carried out not earlier than the control lamp will go out, without including onboard consumers of the electric power and without squeezing out a gas pedal, turn a key in the lock to the right against the stop.
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At temperature of external air is lower - 10°С it is necessary to squeeze out also against the stop a gas pedal. |
Continue to turn the engine a starter until its turns are not stabilized, however no more than 30 seconds. Before restart after unsuccessful attempt do not forget to return at first a key to situation 0 and to wait not less than 15 seconds;
- Watch the index of pressure of impellent oil: the indicator of pressure should be activated at once after start. At strong cooling of the engine indication of pressure appears only after a while after start. Do not increase number of turns of the engine, indication of pressure of oil yet is not activated;
- If the control lamp of preheat does not light up, malfunction in system of preheat which should be immediately eliminated on HUNDRED Toyotas takes place;
- In areas where the temperature of external air often falls below - 20°С, installation of a heater of cooling liquid is recommended. On this matter you can receive the reference on any HUNDRED Toyotas.
· The engine immobilizator is faulty.
· The safety lock of the electric fuel pump or preheat system is faulty.
· The engine is not heated-up: check serviceability of functioning of the device of preheat.
· On the electromagnetic locking valve there is no tension. Connect to the switch the voltmeter or a sampler on a light-emitting diode. Include ignition, the light-emitting diode should light up, otherwise it is necessary to find break of electroconducting and to eliminate it.
· The electromagnetic locking valve is faulty. Check reliability of fastening of the electromagnetic switch, estimate a condition of contacts. Switch on and off ignition, in the switch click should be distributed.
· Damage to the line of supply of fuel or air to lines takes place:
- Pipelines or hoses are mechanically damaged or littered, clean fuel pipelines and remove air from lines and the filter;
- The fuel filter is littered, replace filtering element;
- In the winter it is necessary to check the filter and pipelines on ice or wax existence, tire out the car in heated garage, add in gasoline system;
- Ventilation of a tank or the mesh filter of a toplivozabornik is littered, clean.
· Adjustment of the moment of the beginning of supply of fuel is brought down.
· Nozzles are faulty, at an otpuskaniye of a shtutserny nut топливопровода a faulty nozzle turns of the engine will not fall.
· The fuel pump of a high pressure (TNVD) is faulty.
· Too low pressure of a compression.
Start of the cold engine is complicated · The battery is discharged.
· Polar plugs of the battery are oxidized, or weakened fastening of tips of wires on them.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· The system of supply of fuel is faulty.
· Leakages of fuel through an injector (ы) take place.
· Kompressionny pressure fell. Start of the hot engine is complicated · The filtering element of an air purifier is polluted, or its passableness is otherwise broken.
· The system of supply of fuel (fuel does not arrive to injectors) is faulty.
· Terminal connections of the battery (especially weight) are oxidized.
· Quality of grounding of the power unit is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of supply of fuel or engine management is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of catching of fuel evaporations (EVAP) is broken.
· Kompressionny pressure fell. Starter input in gearing is complicated, or is accompanied by extraneous noise · Teeths of a driving gear wheel of a starter or a gear wreath of a flywheel are broken off or worn-out.
· Weakened or blurt out bolts of fastening of a starter.
· Internal components of a starter are worn-out or damaged. The engine is started, but at once глохнет · Electroconducting of a chain of system of ignition is torn off or is otherwise damaged, or weakened fastening of plugs of contact connections on the module of ignition or the generator.
· Fuel starvation of an injector (ов) takes place.
· The filtering element of an air purifier is polluted.
· Depression losses take place.
· Installation of turns of idling is broken.
· Leakages of soaked-up air take place, or vacuum lines are damaged.
· Adjustment of gaps of valves is broken.
· Unsuitable oil (low viscosity) is used.
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between engine cylinders.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Installations of phases of a gazoraspredeleniye are broken as a result of wear of components of a drive of GRM. During a parking under the engine are formed begin to flow oils · Leaks through laying of the pallet of a case, or a drain stopper take place.
· Leaks through landing consolidation of the sensor switch of pressure of oil take place.
· Leaks through laying of a head of cylinders take place.
· Leaks through epiploons of shaft of the engine take place.
· Leaks in the oil pump take place. Stability of turns of idling is broken Petrol models · Depression losses take place. Make sure of reliability of an inhaling of fixing bolts/nuts, check the fact and quality of fastening on the unions on the inlet pipeline of all vacuum hoses. Hear to the working engine by means of a stethoscope or a piece of a fuel hose. Existence of a hissing sound will allow to reveal a source of "leakage" of vacuum. It is possible to use for check by solution of soap water not less effectively.
· Violation of serviceability of functioning of components of a power supply system takes place.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of ignition is broken.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· The valve of system of a retsirkulyatsiya of the fulfilled gases (EGR) is faulty.
· Passableness of the PCV valve is broken.
· Passableness of the air filter is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of a thermostatic air purifier is broken.
· The fuel pump does not provide giving of enough of fuel to injectors of system of injection.
· Passableness of an injector (ов) is broken.
· Leaks through laying of a head of cylinders take place, make measurement of kompressionny pressure in engine cylinders.
· The belt of a drive of GRM is worn-out.
· Working ledges of cams of a camshaft (ов) are worn-out.
· Adjustment of gaps of valves is broken.
· Valves burned through, or leaky nestle on saddles.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
· Installation of turns of idling is broken. Diesel models · Quality of connections of fuel hoses on TNVD and the fuel filter is broken.
· TNVD fastening is mechanically damaged or weakened.
· Are mixed by junctions of the returnable pipeline and the pipeline of supply of fuel.
· Damage to the line of supply of fuel takes place:
- Pipelines or hoses are mechanically damaged or littered, clean fuel pipelines;
- The fuel filter is littered. Replace filtering element;
- In the winter it is necessary to check the filter and pipelines on ice or wax existence, tire out the car in heated garage, add in gasoline system;
- Ventilation of a tank or the mesh filter of a toplivozabornik is littered, clean.
· Adjustment of the beginning of supply of fuel is brought down.
· Nozzles are faulty, at an otpuskaniye of a shtutserny nut топливопровода a faulty nozzle turns of the engine will not fall.
· The fuel pump of a high pressure (TNVD) is faulty. Establish for check new, or obviously serviceable TNVD.
Ignition admissions on single turns take place · Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· VV of a wire of spark plugs are faulty.
· Components of system of ignition are humidified or damaged.
· Short circuit in an ignition chain takes place.
· Quality of contact connections of VV of wires is broken, or is faulty the ignition module.
· The ignition coil is faulty.
· Components of system of decrease in toxicity are faulty, or passableness of the respective highway is broken.
· Leaks in the EGR valve take place.
· Passableness of the fuel filter is broken, or fuel is polluted.
· Depression losses take place.
· Installations of turns or quality of a mix of idling are broken.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
· Depression losses in the inlet pipeline, or through connecting vacuum hoses take place.
· Passableness of fuel injectors is broken. Admissions of ignition take place at movement on transfer · Passableness of the fuel filter / a connecting path of a power supply system is broken.
· Pressure of fuel fell.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Reliability of fastening of contact connections of VV of wires is broken, or is faulty the ignition module.
· "Breakdown" of electroconducting of VV of candle wires takes place.
· Components of systems of decrease in toxicity of the fulfilled gases are faulty.
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
· The ignition system is faulty, or weakened contact connections of its electroconducting.
· Depression losses take place.
· The fuel pump is faulty, or the pressure developed by it fell.
· Ventilation of a fuel tank is broken. Idling turns are excessively high · Smoothness of a course of a drive of a butterfly valve is broken.
· Installation of turns of idling is broken.
· Leaks in an inlet air path take place.
· Serviceability of functioning of a control system is broken by the engine. Decrease in capacity or battery nedozaryadka · The driving belt of the generator is worn-out, or adjustment of effort of its tension is broken.
· Polar plugs are oxidized, or weakened fastening of tips of wires on them.
· Electrolit level fell in banks.
· The generator does not give out a demanded current of a charge.
· Electroconducting of a chain of system of a charge is torn off or is otherwise damaged, or weakened fastening of plugs of contact connections.
· There is a battery discharge owing to short circuit in onboard electroconducting.
· Internal defect of the battery takes place. The control lamp of an ignition / charge continues to burn at the working engine · Internal defect of the generator or a tension regulator takes place.
· The driving belt of the generator is worn-out or torn off, or adjustment of effort of its tension is broken.
· Generator brushes are worn-out, jammed or polluted.
· Shchetochny springs of the generator weakened or are broken.
· Electroconducting of a contour of a charge is torn off, or weakened fastening of terminal connections. The control lamp of an ignition/charge does not light up at key turn in the situation ON · Fused an incandescence thread.
· The printed-circuit board of a combination of devices, or a lampoderzhatel is faulty.
· The generator is faulty. Ignition admissions take place during movement · Passableness of the fuel filter is broken, or fuel is polluted.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of components of system of decrease in toxicity of the fulfilled gases is broken.
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
· The ignition coil is faulty.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of ignition is broken.
· Depression losses in the inlet pipeline, or through connecting vacuum hoses take place.
· Passableness of injectors is broken.
· Leaks in the EGR valve take place.
· Installation of turns of idling is broken. Stability of turns of the engine is broken during acceleration · Serviceability of functioning of system of ignition is broken.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· Passableness of the fuel filter is broken.
· Passableness of fuel injectors is broken.
· Pressure of fuel as a result of violation of serviceability of functioning of a gasoline pump or passableness of fuel lines fell.
· Serviceability of functioning of injectors, or control systems of the engine is broken.
· Weakened socket fastening (ов) electroconductings of fuel injectors.
· Leakages of air in an inlet path take place.
· Serviceability of functioning of EGR system is broken. The engine works with breakthroughs at a pedal of an accelerator withheld motionlessly · Leakages of air in an inlet path take place.
· The gasoline pump, or a regulator of pressure of fuel is faulty.
· Weakened socket fastening (ов) electroconductings of fuel injectors.
· Violations of functioning of a control system by the engine take place. Engine spontaneously глохнет · Installation of turns of idling is broken.
· Passableness of the fuel filter is broken, or moisture got to a power supply system.
· Components of system of ignition are humidified or damaged.
· Components of systems of decrease in toxicity of the fulfilled gases are faulty.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· VV of a wire of spark plugs are faulty.
· Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses take place.
· Adjustment of klapanny gaps is broken.
· The fuel pump is faulty, or the pressure developed by it fell.
· Ventilation of a fuel tank is broken, or gasoline pipe lines are blocked.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of injection or engine management is broken. The capacity developed by the engine fell · The hose of system of ventilation of a case is damaged.
· The hose of a vacuum path is damaged.
· Laying of an inlet collector is damaged.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· VV candle wires or the ignition coil are damaged.
· Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of supply of fuel is broken.
· The filtering element of an air purifier is blocked.
· Brakes are jammed.
· ATF level fell in AT.
· Pressure of oil fell.
· Coupling (RKPP) revolves.
· Passableness of the fuel filter is broken, or moisture got to a power supply system.
· Serviceability of functioning of EGR system is broken.
· The car is filled with non-standard fuel.
· Fell, or kompressionny pressure is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders
· Passableness of a final path is broken.
· The fuel pump is faulty, or the pressure developed by it fell.
· Leaks in an inlet air path take place.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of injection or engine management is broken.
· Engine перегрет.
· The engine is not heated-up to normal working temperature. There are "shots" in a final path · Serviceability of functioning of EGR system is broken.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of the thermostat of an air purifier is broken.
· Depression losses take place.
· Adjustment of klapanny gaps is broken.
· Klapanny springs are damaged, or there was "zalipaniye" of valves.
· Leaks in an inlet air path take place.
· Malfunction in secondary (VV) a contour of system of ignition (candle insulators, wire VV, the ignition module) takes place.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of supply of fuel is broken. The engine works with breakthroughs at a pedal of an accelerator withheld motionlessly · Leakages of air in an inlet path take place.
· The gasoline pump is faulty.
· Weakened socket fastening (ов) electroconductings fuel an injector.
· Violations of functioning of a control system by the engine take place. During acceleration or at increase of load of the engine there are the knocks caused by too early ignition or a detonation · The car is filled with fuel not that grade.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· The excessive nagaroobrazovaniye in combustion chambers takes place.
· Non-standard spark plugs are established.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of supply of fuel is broken.
· Wire VV are damaged.
· Serviceability of functioning of the EGR valve is broken.
· Depression losses take place.
· The detonation sensor is faulty.
· Adjustment of gaps of valves is broken.
· Klapanny springs are worn-out or damaged.
· Mechanical malfunction of components of a drive of valves (a yoke, an axis of yokes and so forth) takes place. The engine continues to work after switching off ignitions (diesel engine effect) · Leaks in injectors take place.
· Excessively high turns of idling are exposed.
· The working temperature of the engine is excessively high.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· The excessive nagaroobrazovaniye on the bottoms of pistons takes place.
· There is "zalipaniye" of valves.
· Klapanny gaps are incorrectly exposed.
· Serviceability of functioning of EGR system is broken. Pressure drop of impellent oil takes place · Oil level fell, or oil not that grade is filled.
· Bearings of the engine and/or the oil pump are worn-out.
· The engine overheat takes place.
· The oil filter is blocked.
· Passableness of the mesh filter of a maslozabornik is broken.
· Excessively low turns of idling are exposed.
· There was a short circuit in a plait of onboard electroconducting.
· The measuring instrument of pressure of oil is faulty. The consumption of impellent oil is excessive · The drain stopper of the pallet of a case weakened.
· The hose of system of ventilation of a case is damaged.
· The valve of system of ventilation of a case is faulty.
· Weakened bolts of fastening of the pallet, or its sealing laying is damaged.
· Weakened bolts of fastening of a forward cover, or its sealing laying is damaged.
· The epiploon of a cranked shaft is damaged.
· Weakened bolts of fastening of a cover of a head of cylinders, or its sealing laying is damaged.
· Landing of the oil filter weakened.
· Weakened effort of a tightening of the sensor switch of pressure of oil.
· Excessive wear of pistons or cylinders takes place.
· Piston rings are worn-out or damaged.
· Maslootrazhatelny caps of inlet and/or final valves are worn-out or damaged.
· Cores of valves are worn-out.
· Directing plugs of valves are worn-out or damaged. Fuel consumption is excessive Petrol models · The filtering element of an air purifier is polluted or its passableness is otherwise broken.
· Leaks in an inlet air path take place.
· Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition is broken.
· Installation of turns of idling is broken.
· Leaks in a fuel path take place.
· Passableness of injectors is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of system of injection of fuel or engine management is broken.
· Serviceability of functioning of systems of decrease in toxicity is broken.
· Pressure of a rating of tires does not suffice, or wheels not that standard |